영어문법, 15. 분사

 Chapter 15  분사

 

1. 분사란?

- 동사+ing 또는 동사의 과거완료형의 형태를 가지고서 형용사의 역할을 하는 것을 분사라고 한다.

- 분사에는 단어 한 개로 단독으로 명사 앞에서 형용사처럼 사용되는 ‘단독분사’와 분사 뒤에 목적어, 보어, 부사 등이 결합하여 구를 이룬 ‘분사구’가 있다.

 

A. 단독분사 : 수식하는 말이 의미상의 주어

 

1) 현재분사는 능동의 의미를 과거분사는 수동의 의미를 지님

Sally tried to catch the departing bus. (the bus was departing)

The movie had a surprising ending. (the ending surprised people)

There is a broken glass. (a glass is broken)

Bill helped injured passengers. (passengers were injured)

 

2) 자동사의 과거분사는 완료의 의미(이미 ~ 한)

Some retired players work as coach. (the players have retired)

 

3) 유의해야 할 표현

surprising news.  / surprised people

an interesting book / interested people

 

4) 단독 분사는 전치수식이 원칙이지만, 대명사를 수식할 경우에는 후치수식

Of those invited only a few came to the party.

 

B. 분사구

 

1) ‘관계대명사+주어’가 생략된 분사구

: 후치수식을 함

I saw students (who were) looking confident.

The car (which was) repaired yesterday is working well.

The park is full of students (who are) taking pictures.

 

l seem의 용법

a. ~처럼 보이다 : seem (to be) 보어, seem to Inf

Danny seemed (to be) disappointed with the result.

He seems (to be) an honest man.

He seemed to think so to me.

 

b. ~인 것 같다. : It seems that ~

It seems good to me to do so.

It would seem that the weather is improving.

It seems to me that he likes study.

 

2) ‘종속접속사 + 주어’가 생략된 분사구 : 분사구문

: 주절의 앞 또는 뒤에 사용되어 부사구의 역할을 한다.

   

C. 동명사와의 구별

: 동명사는 동사를 명사적으로 사용하고자 할 때 사용하는 방법으로 명사의 기능을 한다. 따라 주어, 목적어, 보어로 사용됨

 

Collecting old stamps is a good hobby. (주어)

I like reading books. (목적어)

I am good at making coffee. (전치사의 목적어)

He sat reading the magazine. (주격보어)

I don't like to see you disappointed. (목적격보어)

 

2. 분사구문

 

1)  분사구문의 뜻

: 분사를 이용하여 부사절을 간단하게 부사구로 고친 것으로, 그 부사구가 주절을 부사적으로 수식할 때 이를 분사구문이라고 하며, 때(시간), 이유/원인, 조건, 양보, 부대상황(동시동작, 연속동작)을 표시하는 접속사의 뜻이 내포되어 있다.

 

2)  분사구문 만드는 요령

 

가. 접속사를 없앤다.

        나. 분사구문으로 변형시킬 절의 주어가 주절의 주어와 같을 때는
분사구문에 따르는 주어를 없앤다.

        다. 접속사가 있는 절의 동사는「동사원형 + ing」형태로 만든다.

 

3)  분사구문의 종류

 

A.   시간, 때를 나타내는 분사구문 (∼할 때에, ∼하는 동안에)

- when, while, after, as 등의 의미

 

Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.

= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.

(Being) Left alone, I began to read.

= When I was left alone, I began to read.

 

B.    이유, 원인을 나타내는 분사구문 (∼이므로, ∼때문에)

- as

 

Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)

= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.

Tired, I went to bed early.

= As I was tired, I went to bed early.

 

C.    조건을 나타내는 분사구문 (∼한다면)

           - if 

 

Turning to the right, you will find the house.

= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.

Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.

= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more harm than good.

 

D.   양보를 나타내는 분사구문  (비록 ∼한다 할지라도,  ∼한다 하더라도)

           - though 사용

 

Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.

= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.

Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.

= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ∼.

 

E.    부대상황을 나타내는 분사구

: 부대상황이란, 분사구문을 적당한 부사절로 바꿀 수 없으므로 and로 연결시켜 동작의 연속으로 보던가, 아니면 동시동작으로 보아서 while 또는 as로 연결시켜 부수적 동작을 나타내는 것을 말한다.

 

① 부대상황 (동시동작 : while, as ; ∼하면서)

Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.

= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.

Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.

= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.

Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.

= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.

 

② 부대상황 (연속동작: ∼, and + 동사 ; 그리고 ∼하다)

We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.

= We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.

 

4)  분사구문의 뜻이 때, 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해서, 해당 접속사를 분사구문의 앞에 부가하는 경우도 있다.

While bathing in the river, he was drowned.

 

5)  완료분사구문

: 단순형 분사는 본동사의 시제와 같지만, 완료형 분사는 본동사의 시제보다 한 시제 앞선다.

 

Having finished my work, I went to bed.

= After I had finished my work, I went to bed.

Having read the book, I returned it to him.

= As I had read the book, I returned it to him.

Having lived in the country, she is healthy.

= As she has lived in the country, she is healthy.

 

6)  수동분사구문

: 「being + 과거분사」의 형태를 취하지만, being은 생략하는 것을 원칙으로 한다. 즉, 과거분사로 시작된 구가 문장의 앞에 나오면 수동분사구문이다.

 

(Being) Wounded in the legs, she could not walk.

= As she was wounded in the legs, she could not walk.

Tired with long work, he soon fell asleep.

Thus refreshed, we proceeded on our journey.

(Having been) Printed in haste, the book has many mistakes.

= As the book was printed in haste, the book has many mistakes.

(Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

 

l  분사구문에서 being과 having been은 생략함

 

7)  독립분사구문

: 분사구문에는 의미상 주어가 있는데, 이것이 주절의 주어와 같을 때는 생략하지만, 다를 때는 분사의 앞에 분사의 주어를 첨가해 나타내 주어야 한다. 즉, 분사구문이 분사자체의 주어를 갖는 것을 독립분사구문이라고 한다.

 

The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.

= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.

It being fine, we went for a walk.

= As it was fine, we went for a walk.

We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.

= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.

He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.

= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.

 

8)   비인칭 독립분사구문

: 독립분사구문의 의미상 주어가 we, you, they, people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때는 생략한다. 이러한 것을 비인칭 독립분사구문이라고 한다.

 

Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.

= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.

Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.

Frankly speaking, he is not a reliable man.

Judging from his appearance, he seems to be very rich.

Granting that you are drunk, you are responsible for your conduct.

(∼을 시인한다 해도)

Considering (=For) his age, he is very intelligent.  (∼에 비하면)

Compared with last year, the prices of commodities have risen by 30 percent.   

(∼에 비교하면)

She will recover, seeing that she is still young. (~하기 때문에, ∼을 보면)

Supposing that you were President of this country, what would you do for this country?  (만약 ∼이라면)

Taking all things into consideration, ~  (모든 것을 고려하면)

 

9)   분사의 강조용법

 

As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.

= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.

Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.

 (저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)

 

10) with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.

 

He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.

= He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.

= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.

 

It was a misty morning, with little wind blowing.

= It was a misty morning and little wind was blowing.

 

I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)

Don’t speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)