영어문법, 17. 형용사절 -관계대명사와 관계부사

Chapter 17  형용사절 – 관계대명사와 관계부사

 

1. 형용사절이란?

: 형용사 역할, 즉 명사 수식을 하는 절을 형용사절이라고 한다. 형용사절 앞에서 수식을 받는 명사를 선행사라고 하며, 접속사 역할(두 개의 절을 연결)과 동시에 (대)명사 또는 부사의 역할(관계절 내에서의 역할)을 하는 것을 관계대명사와 관계부사라고 한다.

 

I have friends who can speak English very well.

 - who는 I have friends와 The friends can speak English very well 을 연결하는 기능 및 후자에서 주어의 역할을 한다.

 

I went to the school where John studied.

 - where은 I went to the school과 Josh studied at the school을 연결하는 기능 및 후자에서 at the school(부사구)을 대신하는 역할을 한다.

 

2. 형용사절 만들기

 

1)     2개의 문장에 공통된 부분이 있을 경우 2개의 문장을 1개의 문장으로 만듬

2)     공통된 부분이 명사 또는 대명사일 경우 관계대명사를 사용하고 부사일 경우 관계 부사를 사용함.

3)     명사 또는 대명사의 종류에 따라 관계대명사의 종류가 결정되며, 부사의 종류에 따라 역사 관계부사의 종류가 결정됨.

4)     관계절을 만드는 문장에서 공통된 부분의 기능에 따라 관계사의 주격/소유격/목적격이 결정됨

 

3. 제한적 용법과 계속적 용법

: 관계절에는 제한적 용법과 계속적 용법이 있다. 관계절이 앞에 있는 선행사를 특정하여 설명하는 것을 제한적 용법이라 하고, 관계절이 선행사의 부가적인 정보를 제공하는 것을 계속적 용법이라 한다. 계속적 용법일 경우 관계절 앞에 Comma를 넣는다.

 

I have two daughters who are teachers. (제한적 용법)

  - 선생님인 두 딸이 있다. (딸이 전체로 몇 명인지는 모름)

I have two daughters, who are teachers. (계속적 용법)

  - 두 딸이 있는데 그 딸 모두가 선생님이다.

4. 관계대명사의 종류 및 용법

 

	주격	소유격	목적격
Who(사람)	who	whose	whom
Which(사물)	which	of which(whose)	which
That	that		that
What	what		what

 

가. who (whose, whom)

 

1)     선행사가 사람일 경우에 사용

2)     복문의 주절은 삽입절로 만든다.

3)     관계대명사의 격은 종속절에서의 역할에 따름(주격, 소유격, 목적격)

4)     주격관계대명사인 경우 종속절의 수는 선행사의 수를 따름.

 

This is a girl. + She made the doll.

→ This is a girl who made the doll. (주격)

He is the boy. + His parents are dead.

→ He is the boy whose parents are dead. (소유격)

This is the girl. + I love her much.

→ This is the girl whom I love much. (목적격)

He is the man. + I spoke of him.

→ He is the man whom I spoke of. (of의 목적격)

= He is the man of whom I spoke. (of 목적격)

 

This is the man. + I think him to be honest.   (단문)

→ This is the man whom I think to be honest.

This is the man. + I think that he is honest.   (복문)

→ This is the man who I think is honest. (I think는 삽입구문)

 

He invited 100 people. + Half of them were foreigners.

→ He invited 100 people, half of whom were foreigners.

 

 

나. which (whose, of which)

 

1)     선행사가 동물, 사물 일 경우

2)     선행사가 직위, 직업, 성격, 인물 등을 나타낼 때

3)     구와 절을 선행사로 할 때 : 반드시 계속적 용법(~, which --)

4)     형용사를 선행사로 받음

5)     which의 소유격은 2가지 < of which, whose>

 

I want to read a novel which is interesting.

The house is mine. + The roof of the house is red. (The house’s roof is red)

→ The house the roof of which is red is mine.

= The house of which the roof is red is mine.

= The house whose roof is red is mine.

This is the novel which I want to read.

 

I said nothing. + This made him angry.

→ I said nothing, which made him angry. (문장 전체를 선행사로)

He said he met her, which was a lie.

He is rich, which I unfortunately am not.

 

I bought three books. + Two of them were on sale.

→ I bought three books, two of which were on sale. (계속적 용법 사용)

 

다. that

 

1) 원칙적으로 who, which 대용으로 사용 가능

I want a man that (who) can speak English well.

This is the book that (which) you lent me.

 

2) 다음의 경우에는 that 만을 사용해야 한다

①     선행사에 강한 한정어구 붙을 때.
: the only, the same, the very, 서수, 최상급 등

②     선행사가 부정 대명사이거나, 부정형용사의 수식을 받을 때
: all, every, no, some, any, few, little, much, --one,--body, --thing이 붙은 합성 부정대명사 등

③     선행사가 <사람 + 사물(동물)> 일 때. 

④     선행사가 의문대명사 일 때  

 

Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. (who X)

He gave all that he had. (which X)

Men and horses that were killed in battle were innumerable. (which X)

Who that is sane can believe such a thing? (who X)

 

3) 다음의 경우에는 that을 사용할 수 없다

    선행사가 that, those이거나 [that + 명사] 일 때

    전치사 바로 다음

    계속적 용법으로는 사용할 수 없고 반드시 한정적 용법으로 사용

 

Heaven helps those who help themselves.

This is the book that(=which) he referred to the other day. (○)

This is the book to that he referred the other day. (×)

cf) This is the book to which he referred the other day. (○)

 

   ★ 동격의 접속사 that와 관계대명사 that

 

1) 동격의 접속사 that : 앞의 명사와 동격이 되는 절을 이끔

                             that 생략해도 that이 이끄는 절은 완전한 문장 됨.

2) 관계대명사 that : that 생략 하면 이하 불완전한 문장이 됨.

 

cf) The news that she was hurt proved to be true. (동격의 접속사)

         The news that she reported proved to be true. (관계대명사)

 

라. what

: 선행사를 포함 하고 명사절을 만들어서 ① 주어절, ② 보어절, ③ 목적어절을 만듦

 

What you say may be true.

What(= that which) is beautiful is not always good.

I am not what I used to be.

I know what you mean.

I will do what(= all that) I can.

 

 

★ what의 관용적 용법

 

①   인격과 재산

What I am  현재의 나 (인격,상태)  /  What I was  과거의 나 

What I have  현재 나의 재산      /  What I had    과거 나의 재산

We should judge a man not by what he has but by what he is.

 

②    what is + 비교급 (더욱 ~ 한 것은) / 최상급 ( 가장 ~ 한 것은)

It’s a good book, what is better, not an expensive one.

 

③    what we(you, they, people, one) call = what is called  소위, 말하자면

He is what you call a book-worm. (what you call은 삽입구문)

 

④    what + 명사 = all the + 명사 + that ~  (~한 모든 것)

I gave him what money I had.

 

⑤    what + little (양), few (수) + 명사  (적지만 ~ 전부)

I gave her what little money I had.

He has sold what few books he had.

 

⑥ A is to B what(as) C is to D ( A: B = C : D)

= What C is to D, A is to B.

= Just as C is to D, so is A to B.

Reading is to the mind what(as) exercise is to the body.

= Just as exercise is to the body, so is reading to the mind.

= What exercise is to the body, reading is to the mind.

 

⑦ what with A and what with B (한편으로는 A 또 한편으로는 B) <겹친 원인>

what by A and what by B (한편으로는 A 또 한편으로는 B) <겹친 수단>

What with official business and what with private affairs, I have little leisure time.

What by good luck and what by his talent, he made a fortune.

 

5. 관계대명사의 생략

 

1) 목적격 관계대명사는 일반적으로 생략

This is the boy (whom) we saw yesterday.

He has no friend (whom) he can depend upon.
This is the house (which) he lives in.
* 관계대명사를 생략 할 때, 관계대명사 앞에 있는 전치사는 뒤에 온다.

 

2) 주격 관계대명사는 원칙적으로 생략되지 않지만, 다음의 경우 예외적으로 생략

① 관계대명사 + be동사 / have been + ~ing / p.p 일 경우

A man (who is) talking to John is from Korea.

The ideas (which are) presented in that book are interesting.
② 관계대명사 + be동사 / have been + 형용사 / 전치사구 경우

Ann is the woman (who is) responsible for preparing the budget.

The books (which are) on the desk are mine.

 

3) 기타 특수한 생략
① 관계대명사 다음에 there is, there are가 계속 될 때.

He taught me the difference (that) there is between right and wrong.

② There is, Here is, It is, What is, Who is로 시작되는 구문에서 주격관계대명사

There is a boy (who) wants to see you.
   It was he (that) met her yesterday.

 

6. 관계대명사의 선행사 찾기

: 관계대명사의 선행사는 반드시 관계대명사의 앞에 있는 명사는 아님. 문장 전체의 의미에서 파악하여야 함.

 

To prepare for building maintenance work, employees should make a list of all areas of the factory that need repairs or servicing.

This award will be given to the employee from all branch offices that has the best attendance record.

The law processor from the university that Mr. Hines talked to explained the contract.

 

[참고] 이중제한
: 두개의 관계대명사절이 하나의 선행사를 공동으로 수식하는 것.

      There is no one that we know who can do such a thing.

      Is there anything that you want which you do not have?

 

 

7. 유사관계대명사

: As, But, Than이 있으며 뒤에 관계대명사와 같이 불완전한 문장이 옴

1)    As

Don’t trust such friends as praise you to your face.

This is the same watch as I lost yesterday. (같은 종류의 시계)

cf) This is the same watch that I lost yesterday. (바로 그 시계)

As many men as came were caught.

I will give you as much money as you need.

The train was late, as is often the case. 

I helped him, as was my duty.   (앞문장 전체를 수식)

He was an American, as I knew from his accent.

 

2) Than

He spends more money than he earns.

Children should not have more money than is needed.

Don’t use more words than are necessary.

 

3) But (= that ~not)

There is no one but knows him.

Who is there but commits errors?

There is no rule but has exceptions.
 

* but이 전치사로 사용될 경우에는 except의 의미

All but him were drowned

Everybody but me seems to know it

It is nothing but a joke.  (nothing but = only).

He is anything but a teacher.  (anything but = never).

 

8. 관계부사

 

1) 관계부사 만들기

: 문장 내에서의 부사를 대용한다. 따라서 전치사 + 관계대명사를 관계부사로 바꿀 수 있다.

This is the city. + I was born in the city. (I was born there.)

→ This is the city which I was born in.

= This is the city in which I was born.

= This is the city where I was born.

      

2) 관계부사의 종류 : when, where, why, how

 

He passed away in 1978 when I was born.

The countryside where I grew up is very isolated. 

One reason why I like the beach is its atmosphere. 

 

l  관계부사 how는 방법을 나타내는 선행사 the way와 함께 사용하지 않음

She is trying to figure out how the system works.  

= She is trying to figure out the way the system works.

She is trying to figure out the way how the system works. (X)

 

l  명사절을 이끄는 접속사 및 부사절 접속사와 구별 필요

Could you tell me where I can buy computer accessories? (명사절 - 목적어)

This is why skyscrapers were first built in the cities.  (명사절 - 보어)

 

I lost my passport when I was in Hong Kong last summer. (부사절)

We took care to preserve trees where their presence was necessary. (부사절)