영어문법, 18. 부사절 - 가정법 포함

Chapter 18  부사절 – 가정법 포함

 

1. 부사절 접속사의 종류

: 부사절은 문장에서 부사의 역할을 하는 것을 말하며, 주절의 의미를 더해주는 역할을 한다.

 

1)    시간

: when, whenever, while, as (~하면서), before, after, until, since(~이래로), once(일단 ~하면), as long as(~하는 한), by the time(~할 때까지), as soon as(~하자 마자)

When I woke up, it was already day.

After the grapes are picked, they are put on big wooden or paper trays.  

cf) It was World War I, just after the outbreak of hostilities.  (전치사)

Once you get impatient and start arguing, your position hardens.

I'll never forget your kindness as long as I live.

 

[참고] Since의 용법

 

1)    ~이후로 지금까지 (전치사, 접속사, 부사)

I have known her since she was a child.

(접속사 ; 주절은 현재완료, 종속절(since)는 과거)

Since then I had wondered where he lived. (전치사)

He went over to Italy five years ago and I haven‘t heard from him since. (부사)

 

* 주요표현 : ~한지 몇 년이 되다

It is [has been] two years since I left school.

= Two years have passed since I left school.

 

2)    (이유) ~ 이므로, 이니까 (접속사)

Since we live in the computer era, you should get used to personal computers.

 

2)    장소

: where, wherever

 This is where we used to play.

cf) This is the house where I was born. (관계부사로 형용사절을 이끔)

 

3)    이유

: because, as(~때문에), since(~때문에), now that(~이므로), in that(~라는 점에서)

Because it was his first offence, the punishment was not too severe.

cf) Because of the slope of the roof, the snow cannot accumulate.
(because of는 전치사)

Now that she has apologized, I am content.

 

[참고] As의 용법 : 부사, 접속사, 전치사 등 다양하게 사용됨

 

1)    as ~ as형 (앞은 부사, 뒤는 접속사)

He runs as fast as you (run)

 

2)    접속사

a.    [상태/방식] ~와 같이

Do in Rome as the Romans do.

Take things as they are.

b.    [원인, 이유] ~이기 때문에

As I was tired, I soon fell asleep.

c.     [때] ~하고 있을 때

He came up to me as I was speaking.

As spring comes, the birds move northward.

d.    [비례] ~함에 따라, ~ 할수록

As we go up, the air grows colder.

e.    [양보] <형,부, 무관사 명사 + as ~형>  ~이지만, ~임에도 불구하고

Woman as she was, she was brave.

cf) Honest as he was, he refused to bribe.  (원인, 이유)

 

3)    전치사

a.    [자격] ~로서

He is famous as a statesman.

This box can be used as a table.

b.    [예시] 가령 ~와 같이 (such as가 더 일반적)

Some flowers, as the rose, require special care.

 

4)    결과

: so 형용사/부사 that ~, such 명사 that ~ (너무 ~해서 ~하다)

It's so cold that even the river has frozen.

The explosion was of such intensity that it was heard five miles away.

 

5)    목적

: so that ~, in order that ~ (~하기 위하여)

He saved money so that he might buy a house.

Go early in order that you may get a good seat.

 

6)    대조

: (al)though, even though, while(반면에), whereas(반면에)

Though he was new to the job, he was able to catch on very quickly.

cf) Despite his low standing in the polls, he accomplished a great deal.

   - despite와 in spite of는 전치사 (~에도 불구하고)

(여론 조사에서의 낮은 인기에도 불구하고 그는 큰 업적을 이룩했다)

While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.

cf) While I was in Madrid there was a carnival. (~하는 동안에)

 

[참고] 반대, 대조를 나타내는 다양한 표현들

 

1)    종속접속사를 이용하는 방법

 Although it was raining, I went shopping.

 =(Even) though it was raining, I went shopping.

 

2)    등위 접속사를 이용하는 방법 (중문)

It was raining, but I went shopping. = It was raining, yet I went shopping.

 

3)    접속부사를 이용하는 방법 (중문)

It was raining; nevertheless, I went shopping.

=It was raining; nonetheless, I went shopping

=It was raining; however, I went shopping

 

4)    전치사를 이용하는 방법 (단문)

 I went shopping despite the rain. = I went shopping in spite of the rain.

 

7)    상태 / 방식

: as(~처럼, ~대로), just as(꼭 ~처럼), as if(마치 ~처럼), as though(마치 ~처럼)

Just as she had warned me, the shop was shut.

It looks as if [as though] the pen is mightier than the sword!

 

8)    조건

: if(만약 ~이라면), unless(만약 ~하지 않는다면), in case (that) (~하는 경우, ~하는 경우를 대비하여), providing / provided that(만약 ~이라면)

Do you mind if I sit here?

You’ll miss the bus unless you walk more quickly. 

In case you want to quit, give me two weeks´ notice. 

cf) In case of a bee sting, they recommend that you put directly a little vinegar on the skin. (in case of는 전치사)

I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid.

 

 

2. 가정법

 

가.  가정법의 종류

 

1)    가정법 공식 일람표

 

	조건절 (종속절)	귀결절 (주절)
가정법 과거	If + S + 과거형 동사 (were.....) ∼,	S + 조동사의 과거형
가정법 과거완료	If + S + had + pp ∼,	S + 조동사의 과거형 + have + pp
가정법 현재	If + S + V(현재형 또는 원형) ∼,	S + 조동사의 현재형
가정법 미래	If + S + should (would) + ∼,	S + 조동사

 

2)    가정법 과거

: 현재 사실에 반대되는 일 또는 사실을 가정할 때 사용

If I were a bird, I could fly to you. (be동사는 인칭에 관계없이 were 사용)

If I had enough money, I could buy her a cellular phone.

= As I have not enough money, I cannot buy her a cellular phone.

 

3)    가정법 과거완료

: 과거 사실에 반대되는 일 또는 사실을 가정할 때 사용

If he had left a little earlier, he could have arrived in time.

= As he did not leave a little earlier, he could not arrive in time.

If I had been free last Sunday, I would have gone fishing.

 

4)    가정법 현재

: 현재 또는 미래의 불확실한 일을 가정할 때 사용

If it rain(s) tomorrow, I will stay at home.

If he be [is] honest, I will employ him.

 

l  양보절과 함께 사용
Though that be true, you must not confess it.
Whether you like it or not, I’ll go there.

 

l  Lest ~(should) 동사원형 : ~하지 않도록 (= for fear that ~(should)
Be careful lest you should fall from the tree.
He took a note of her address lest he (should) forget it. (take a note 적어두다)

 

l  주장, 제안, 명령, 권유, 요구의 동사와 함께 사용
- suggest, propose, recommend, insist, demand, require, request, ask
 ~ + that ~ (should) 동사원형
He suggested to me that I (should) take moderate exercise.
I propose that we start a little earlier.
They requested that money be sent at once.

 

l  It is necessary / essential / imperative / natural / important / desirable that ~ (should) 동사의 원형 ~
It is necessary that he (should) attend the meeting.
It is desirable that you be patient with her.

 

5)    가정법 미래

: 실현 가능성이 희박하거나 불가능한 미래의 일을 가정할 때 사용

If it should rain tomorrow, we will not go there. (희박한 가능성)
If I were to live again, I would like to be a conductor. (실현 불가능)

 

나.  If의 생략 : 주어 동사의 위치가 도치됨

Were I you, I would not go there.

Had he studied harder, he would have passed the exam.

 

다.  특수한 가정법 형태

 

1)    I wish + 가정법 과거 / 과거완료

: ~라면 좋으련만 / ~ 였다면 좋았으련만

I wish you could help me.

I wish you could have helped me.

 

2)    Without ~ / But for ~

: 만일 ~이 없다면 /없었다면

Without (=But for) your help, I could not succeed.
= If it were not for your help, I could not succeed.

Without (=But for) music, the world have been a dull place.
= If it had not been for music, the world would have been a dull place.

 

3)    As if [as though] + 가정법 과거/과거완료

: 마치 ~인(였던) 것 처럼

He talks as if he knew everything.
He talked as if he knew everything
He talks as if he had known everything.
He talked as if he had known everything.

 

4)    If only + 가정법 과거/과거완료

: ~하기만 한다면/했다면

I could do it if only I were younger.

If only I had met her a little earlier!

 

 

5)    If가 없는 가정문

 

①   명사형 주어에 if 절의 의미가 포함된 경우

: 명사가 맨 앞에 주어로 나와 있고, 동사 부분이 가정법 표현에서 흔히 보는 ‘would[could, should, might] + 동사 원형[또는 have p.p.’ 형태를 취하는 경우.

A gentleman would not do such a thing.       [가정법 과거]

= If he were a gentleman, he would not do such a thing.

A true friend would have helped you then.     [가정법 과거완료]

= If he had been a true friend, he would have helped you then.

 

②   to 부정사에 if 절의 의미가 포함된 경우  

: to 부정사 역시 if 절의 역할을 하는 경우가 있는데, 그 경우 주절의 동사 부분이 ‘would[could, should, might] + 동사 원형[또는 have p.p.’ 형태를 취함.

I should be happy to accompany you.

= I should be happy if I could accompany you.

To see her, you would lose your heart to her at first sight.

= If you saw her, you would lose your heart to her at first sight.

 

③   현재분사나 과거분사에 if 절의 의미가 포함된 경우

: 동사 원형에 –ing가 붙은 현재분사나 –ed 등이 붙은 과거분사가 쓰인 분사 구문이 if 절 역할을 하는 경우도 있습니다.

The same thing, happening in Korea, would be criticized.

= If the same thing happened in Korea. It would be criticized.

Seen at a distance, it might look like a rock 

= If it were seen at a distance, it might look like a glass.