영어문법, 7. 동사 (1) – 시제와 수동태

Chapter 7  동사 (1)

 

1. 동사의 종류

목적어를 가지느냐에 따라 자동사와 타동사로 구분되고, 보어를 가지느냐에 따라 완전과 불완전으로 나뉘어짐. 특히 두 개의 목적어를 가지는 것을 수여동사라 함.

 

The bird sings sweetly. (완전자동사, 1형식)

Eggs soon go bad in hot weather. (불완전자동사, 2형식)

Eating candy can produce acids in the body. (완전타동사, 3형식)

He played me a joke. (수여/완전타동사, 4형식)
(= He played a joke on me. 3형식)

The team has voted me their new captain. (불완전타동사, 5형식)

 

2. 시제

 

A.    현재형 (Simple Present) 

: 말할 때의 시간과 동일할 때 사용. 

 

1) 현재의 상태, 반복되는 동작이나 습관, 불변의 진리․격언, 보편적 사실을 표현할 때 사용한다

They are very angry about the decision.

I eat breakfast every day at 8:00 A.M.

Love conquers all.

Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.

Residents of Seoul endure harsh pollution for most of the year.

 

2) 미래 대용

미래는 불확실한 것이지만, 현재는 그것이 곧 현실이므로 확정적이다.

따라서 미래의 사실이 확정적임을 나타내기 위하여 현재시제를 사용하기도 한다. 

A special course of English begins tomorrow.

I start my job next Monday.

Tomorrow is Saturday.

The news starts at nine.

 

3) 현재완료시제대용

현재완료시제는 과거의 한 시점에서부터 일어난 일이 현재에도 영향을 끼치는 것으로, 보통 say, learn, hear, read등의 전달동사와 know, understand등의 동사는 현재완료시제대신 일반시제인 현재시제를 사용하기도 한다. 

I read [have read] in the newspaper that there was a big fire yesterday.

I hear [have heard] that he was wounded in a traffic accident.

 

4) 시간․조건의 부사절에서 현재는 미래를 대신한다.

We'll go to Pusan when my sister comes back home.

We'll go to the botanical garden if it is fine tomorrow.

 

B.     현재완료 (Present Perfect)

: 현재완료형은 과거에 시작 돼서 완료되었거나 현재로 이어질 때 사용 (경험 / 결과 / 완료 / 계속)

Have you ever gone shopping with your family? (경험)

I have lost my cellular phone. (결과)

I have just read this novel through. (완료)

I have studied very hard since last Sunday. (계속)

 

C.     현재 진행형 (Present Progressive)

 

1) 현재 진행형은 현재에 계속 이뤄지는 일을 말함. 습관과는 큰 연관이 없고 현재 일어나는 상황만을 중시하며, 또한 당분간 계속 지속될 일을 암시

Jason is applying for a scholarship.

You are driving too fast.

 

2) 미래시제 대용

현재시제가 미래시제를 대용한 것처럼 현재진행형도 미래의 일이 확정적임을 나타내기 위해서 사용 가능하다.

We are leaving for Inchon tomorrow.

We are going to play tennis at six.

He is coming to see us this evening.

 

D.    현재 완료 진행 (Present Perfect Progressive)

: 진행 중인 일이 과거에 시작한 걸 말할 때 사용

 

The two sides have been trying to settle the case out of court.

 

E.     과거형 (Simple Past)

 

1) 과거에 정해진 시간의 일이며 현재로 이어지지 않는 말.

She felt better as soon as her exams were over.

 

*  현재완료는 과거의 행위나 사실이 현재까지 영향을 미치지만, 과거시제는 단지 과거의 행위나 사실을 나타낼 뿐이다.

I have lost my book. (책을 잃어버려 지금 없다는 사실에 중점)

I lost my book. (책을 잃어버렸다는 사실에 중점)

 

2) 역사적 사실

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939

 

3) 과거의 반복적인 습관이나 동장

We used to take a walk after lunch.

 

F.     과거완료 (Past Perfect)

: 과거의 행위 전에 일어난 일 또는 정해진 과거 시간에 끝난 일

 

용법	설    명	보   기
완료	과거 어느 때를 기준으로 그 이전에 시작된 일이 그 시점에 완료된 것.	He had read the book when she came home. When I reached the station, the train had already started.
경험	과거 어느 때부터 과거의 어느 때까지의 경험	He had never been to school. That was the most beautiful scenery I had ever seen.
계속	과거 어느 때까지의 계속	She had been sick for two weeks when she died.
결과	과거 어느 시점을 기준으로 그 이전에 일어난 일의 결과	I had lived in Seoul for 5 years then. I found that she has gone to England.
대과거	과거의 일 때 보다 먼저 일어나 동작이나 상태.	I lost the watch that I had bought the day before.

 

 

G.    과거진행형 (Past Progressive)

: 과거의 정해진 시간 내에 일어난 일을 말할 때

Lenin was living in exile in Zurich when the czar was overthrown.

* czar 황제  / overthrow  전복하다, 뒤집다

In the 1980s, many of the baby boomers were becoming parents.

 

H.    과거완료 진행형 (Past Perfect Progressive)

: 과거의 진행 중이던 일이 과거의 어떤 일 전에 일어났을 때

대게는 현재완료진행형과 마찬가지로 since/for등과 함께 자주 다루며, 기준이 되는 과거시점보다 좀더 전에 계속 진행해 왔던 일련의 사건들도 포함

I had been living beyond my means for years before I went bankrupt.

* beyond one’s means  분수를 넘어, 소득 수준을 넘어 The plan is beyond my means.

Carter had been planning a naval career until his father died.

 

I.      미래형 (Simple Future)

: 아직 일어나지 않은 일을 말할 때

The exhibition will come to Seoul in September.

I shall graduate the year after next.

 

J.      미래완료 (Future Perfect)

: 미래의 어느 순간을 기준으로 놓고 봤을 때, 그 시점보다는 좀 과거에 일이 끝난 상태를 나타냄

If no one shows up, all our work will have been futile.

In ten years, the original investment will have doubled.

 

K.     미래 진행형 (Future Progressive)

: 미래에 지속적으로 할 행동을 말할 때

The loans will be coming due in the next two years.

A team of international observers will be monitoring the elections.

 

L.     미래완료 진행형 (Future Perfect Progressive)

: 진행 중인 일이 미래의 어느 시간에 마쳐질 때 사용

By the time the session ends, the negotiators will have been working for ten hours without a break.

In May, I will have been living in Tucson for five years.

 

3.    수동태

 

A.    수동태 문장 만드는 법

She loves him.

→ He is loved by her.

 

①  능동태의 목적어(him)를 주어(He)로 바꾼다.

②  능동태의 타동사(loves)를 <be 동사 + p.p.> 형태로 바꾼다. (이때 be 동사는 수동태의 주어인 He에 일치시키고, 시제 역시 능동태의 시제(loves. 현재)에 일치시키어 is로 바꾼다.)

③  능동태의 주어(She)를 목적어(her)로 바꾸어 by 뒤에 둔다.  

 

The lost watch was not found by her. (부정문)

Your bicycle can not be repaired by him. (조동사 사용)

Gandhi is admired by all the people in the world. (현재)

The church was built by an Italian architect. (과거)

All my friends will be invited to the party. (미래)

The tallest building in Korea is being built now. (현재진행) 

Her new novel was being printed then. (과거진행)

My radio has been repaired. (현재완료)

The problems had been solved. (과거완료)

It will have been finished by next Sunday. (미래완료)

 

B.    <by + 목적어>가 생략되는 경우

 

1)    by의 목적어가 막연한 일반인일 때

English is spoken (by them) in Canada.

One’s promise should be kept (by one).

 

2)    행위의 주체가 불명확할 때

His father was killed in the Vietnam War.

A number of banks have been robbed lately.

 

3)    행위의 주체가 너무나 명확할 때

He was elected president of Korea (by Korean people).

Her whole life was dedicated to her son (by her).]

 

C.    전치사 by 대신 다른 전치사를 쓰는 수동태

 

be married to	She is married to a rich man.
be known to   be known for	He is well known to all the girls in his hometown.   (~에게 알려지다)   She was well known for her beauty. (~으로 유명하다)
be covered with	The roofs of the houses were covered with snow.
be filled with	The cup on the desk was filled with water.
be enclosed [surrounded] with	His mansion is enclosed with a wall.[
be equipped with	Nowadays every car is equipped with safety belt.
be satisfied with	He is not satisfied with the result.
be pleased with	They were very pleased with his success.
be surprised [astonished] at	We were all surprised at the news.
be terrified at	She was terrified at the sight of the bulldog.
be interested in	I am much interested in the result of the election.
be tired of be tired from [with]	I am tired of boiled eggs.   (싫증나다)   I am tired from[with] cycling. (~에 지쳤다)
be made of be made from	Books are made of paper.  (재료)   Wine is made from grapes. (원료)

 

D.    4형식 문장의 수동태

 

1)    간접목적어(I.O), 직접목적어(D.O)가 모두 수동태의 주어로 쓰이는 경우

My father gave me this calculator.

= My father gave this calculator to me.

→ This calculator was given to me by my father.

→ I was given this calculator by my father.

 

2)    직접목적어(D.O)만 수동태의 주어로 쓰이는 경우

Nancy bought her son a new computer.

= Nancy bought a new computer for her son.

→ A new computer was bought for her son by Nancy.[○]

→ Her son was bought a new computer by Nancy.[×]

 

E.     지각 동사와 사역 동사가 쓰인 문장의 수동태

 

We saw her talk with her friends.

→ She was seen to talk with her friends by us.

 

His jokes made the girls laugh.

→ The girls were made to laugh by his jokes.

 

F.     합성 동사가 쓰인 문장의 수동태

 

The whole crowd laughed at the speaker.

→ The speaker was laughed at by the whole crowd.

 

The ambulance ran over a passerby. 

→ A passerby was run over by the ambulance.

 

G.    의문사로 시작되는 의문문의 수동태

의문사 who, what, which 등으로 시작되는 의문문을 수동태로 만들 때는 <By + 의문사의 목적격> 형태로 시작하거나 의문사의 목적격(또는 주격)만 문장 맨 앞에 두고 by는 문장 맨 뒤로 보냄.

 

Who broke the window?

→ By whom was the window broken?

→ Who(m) was the window broken by?

 

What caused the accident?

→ By what was the accident caused?

→ What was the accident caused by?

 

H.    명령문의 수동태

동사 원형이 문장 서두에 나오는 명령문을 수동태로 바꿀 때는 ‘~하게 만들다’란 뜻을 가진 사역동사 let을 이용합니다. 그리고 부정 명령문의 경우에는 맨 앞에 쓰인 Don’t 을 그대로 두고 그 뒤에 let을 붙임.

 

Make friends.   → Let friends be made.

Don’t make such a noise here.  → Don’t let such a noise be made here. 

 

I.      형식은 능동태, 의미는 수동태인 경우

This novel sells well.

This orange peels well.

His novels read well.