영어문법, 9. 형용사와 부사

Chapter 9 형용사와 부사

 

1. 형용사

1) 명사 수식 또는 보어로 사용됨

2) –able, -ial, -ible, -ic, -ive, -ous, -ful 등의 형태로 끝나지만, “명사 + ly”의 형태로 끝나는 경우도 있음

acceptable, historic, plentiful …

lovely, costly, ugly, deadly(치명적인, dead 죽은), timely, worldly ….

3) 한 단어가 형용사와 부사의 의미를 모두 가지는 경우 있음

early, fast, hard, late, near, long, wide, far ….

4) 형용사와 부사의 형태가 같은 경우에도 별도의 –ly형 부사를 가지는 경우도 있음

high-highly(상당히), late-lately(최근에), near-nearly(거의), hard-hardly(거의 ~않다)

 

2. 부사

1) 동사, 형용사, 부사 또는 문장 전체를 수식

2) 주로 형용사 + ly의 형태를 띰

easily, quickly, badly …

 

[참고] 명사 + ly와 형용사 + ly

 

n  명사 + ly → 형용사

friend → friendly     ex) a friendly greeting, / I am not friendly to your theory.

Love → lovely        ex) It was such a lovely day.

Cost → costly (=expensive)  ex) It’s a costly handbag, made of crocodile skin.

 

단, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly는 형용사 / 부사 모두 사용

A luxury is of no immediate importance to our daily life.

I train anywhere from two to three hours daily.

 

n  형용사 + ly → 부사

beautifully, suddenly, easily, happily, tenderly, usually……

 

3. so 용법

 

1) 부사 : 그렇게

You must not misbehave so.

He became my close friend and remained so.

I think so.  I told you so.  I suppose so.  You don’t say so.

 

l  So + 주어 + (조)동사   : 선행 진술에 대한 동의

You look very happy. – So I am. (=Yes, I am)

Your little brother paints well. – So he does.

 

l  So + (조)동사 + 주어  : ~도 역시

My father was a soldier. – So was I

* 부정에서는 neither을 사용

You cannot do that. – Neither can you.

If you don’t want it, neither do I. (= ~, I don’t do, either)

 

l  As ~ so ~  :~와 마찬가지로  : ~와 동시에

As the moon moves around the earth, so the earth moves around the sun.

As it became darker, so the wind blew harder.

 

l  so + 형용사/부사 + that  ~  : 너무~해서 ~하다

= so 형용사/부사 (for 주어) as to Inf

= 형용사/부사 enough (for 주어) to Inf

 

She was so kind that she could show me the way to the station.

= She was so kind as to show me the way to the station.

= She was kind enough to show me the way to the station.

[주의] so ~as to Inf, enough to Inf 구문에서의 동사의 목적어와 문장의 주어가
동일할 경우 목적어는 생략

 

Singapore has only one code. It’s not so big that it needs more than that.

He is not so poor that he cannot buy it.

I am not such a fool [so foolish] as to do so

= I know better than to do so.

[주의] 1. 주절이 부정문일 경우 : 종속절을 할 만큼 ~하지는 않다

2. 명사를 수반할 경우에는 such를 사용

 

l  so that ~ may (= in order to Inf, so as to Inf, to Inf ) : ~ 하기 위해서

I got up early so that I might catch the first bus.

= I got up early so as to (in order to, to) catch the first train.

Watch your step so as not to slip.

 

2) 접속사 (등위접속사) : 그래서

It grew darker, so I went home.

 

4. such 용법

 

1) ‘상당히 ~한’의 의미

He is such a kind man. = He is a very kind man

 

2) such a(n) 형용사 명사 that ~ = so 형용사 a(n) 명사 : 너무 ~해서 ~하다

I had such a fright that I could not speak.

It was such a hot night that I had a cold shower to refresh myself.

= It was so hot a night that I had a cold shower to refresh myself.

 

3) A such as B = such A as B : B 같은 A

Games such as chess and cards are played indoors and involve mental skills.

 

5. too 용법

 

1) ‘너무 ~한(하게)’의 의미

It was too cold yesterday, so I couldn’t go out.

She is too beautiful for words.

He was too young for that sort of work.

It was too difficult a problem for me.

 

2) too 형용사/부사 (for 주어) to Inf  = so 형용사/부사 that ~ cannot
: 너무 ~해서 ~할 수 없다

The box is too heavy for me to move.

= The box is so heavy that I can't move it.

Dave is too young to go to school.

= Dave is so young that he can't go to school.

 

3) only too   기꺼이

I shall be only too pleased to come.

 

6. 'the+형용사'는 복수의 보통명사/단수의 보통명사/추상명사

 

1) The wounded were carried to the hospital.

(부상자들 - 복수의 보통명사)

2) The deceased was my cousin.

(고인 - 단수의 보통명사)

3) Some memory remains in the unconscious.

(무의식 - 추상명사)

 

7. 기타 유의할 표현들

 

He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.

( not so much A as B, B rather than A, less A than B: A 라기보다는 B 이다)

 

I will not forget you so long as I live.

(so long as/ as long as : ∼하는 동안,∼하는 한)

 

So far as I am concerned, I have nothing to tell you.

(so far as / as far as : ~로서는, ∼까지, ∼하는 한)

 

Hide it lest he (should) see it.

= Hide it so that he may not see it.

= Hide it for him not to see it.

(lest...should, for fear that ~should,  so that...may not, so as not to,: ~하지 않기 위해)

*  lest ~ should와 for fear that ~ should에서 should는 생략 가능.
단 생략 시에도 동사원형 사용